为什么乳腺癌喜欢脑转移?

发布时间:2023-03-10文章作者:转载审核:阮丽红浏览次数:18

作者:转载至微信公众号代谢学人   审核:阮丽红   编发:赵则月

近期STM发表研究发现

间隙连接蛋白及其下游FAK信号

是乳腺癌细胞脑内定植的调控因子

FAK抑制剂降低癌细胞脑转移率

1.间隙连接蛋白通过促进FAK激活协调乳腺癌脑转移过程

抑制FAK,与肿瘤脑转移say goodbye

中文摘要

脑转移是乳腺癌晚期患者中发生的并发症,发病率正逐步增加,是一种使病人生活质量急剧下降且预后不良的严重疾病。临床上迫切需要开发有效的治疗方法来预防和治疗脑转移。本文科研人员描述了一种独特而强大的小鼠乳腺癌自发性脑转移的临床前模型(4T1-BM2),该模型有助于研究乳腺癌转移扩散和大脑定植的分子机制。关键实验结果在其他脑转移模型D2A1-BM2模型(小鼠脑转移模型)和MDA231-BrM2模型(人的脑转移模型)中得到验证。基因表达分析和功能研究,加上临床转录组学和组织病理学检测,确定连接蛋白(Cxs)和局灶性粘连激酶(FAK)是调控乳腺癌脑转移的主要分子。Cx31促进了同型肿瘤细胞粘附、异型肿瘤-星形胶质细胞相互作用和FAK磷酸化。FAK信号通路促进NF-κB激活,诱导Lamc2表达和层粘连蛋白332(层粘连蛋白5)沉积,促进α6整合素介导的粘附,促进肿瘤细胞脑实质内持续生存和生长。在MDA231-BrM2模型中,该过程则涉及人同源分子CX43LAMA4α3整合素。FAK抑制剂的全身治疗减缓脑转移的进展。总之,本文报道了一种乳腺癌转移到大脑的自发模型,并确定了Cx介导的FAK-NF-κB信号是促进大脑定植中细胞自主和微环境控制其存活的作用机制。考虑到癌症患者脑转移疾病治疗选择的局限性,因此,FAK可作为临床进一步研究的候选治疗方法。

拓展阅读

肿瘤脑转移

肿瘤脑转移是指病变于身体其他部位的恶性肿瘤发展到了晚期,原发病灶的肿瘤细胞可通过动脉或静脉血行转移途径、淋巴循环途径及蛛网膜下腔转移途径,使肿瘤细胞在颅内种植,继而形成脑转移瘤。其进展非常迅速,致残率和致死率极高。肿瘤脑转移发病率占颅内肿瘤的35%-10%,肿瘤脑转移的两个主要来源是肺癌或乳腺癌,会导致神经功能发生障碍,而且发生肿瘤脑转移患者的生存时间较短,平均生存期不超过2个月。

肿瘤脑转移影像学表现为单发或者多发,实性或囊性病灶,瘤周伴有水肿明显。常见的早期症状为头痛,随着病情进展,头痛加重,伴有恶心、喷射性呕吐等颅高压症状;部分患者会出现癫痫发作等肿瘤刺激症状;肿瘤压迫或者侵犯脑功能区还会出现肢体麻木、乏力甚至偏瘫,言语功能障碍、神志淡漠、反应迟钝,严重者出现意识障碍甚至危及生命。

目前乳腺癌脑转移治疗受到限制,所使用的药物已被证实对原发肿瘤有效,但对脑内肿瘤缺乏特异性。本文研究发现抑制局灶性粘连激酶(FAK)可以抑制乳腺癌脑转移的进程,因此FAK可作为预防和治疗乳腺癌相关脑转移的潜在靶点。

参考文献:

[1].Bos PD, et al. Nature 2009;459(7249):1005-1009.

Connexins orchestrate progression of breast cancer metastasis to the brain by promoting FAK activation

一作:Girieca Lorusso PICurzio Rüegg

发表单位:Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg

Abstract

Brain metastasis is a complication of increasing incidence in patients with breast cancer at advanced disease stage. It is a severe condition characterized by a rapid decline in quality of life and poor prognosis. There is a critical clinical need to develop effective therapies to prevent and treat brain metastases. Here, we describe a unique and robust spontaneous preclinical model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain (4T1-BM2) in mice that has been instrumental in uncovering molecular mechanisms guiding metastatic dissemination and colonization of the brain. Key experimental findings were validated in the additional murine D2A1-BM2 model and in human MDA231-BrM2 model. Gene expression analyses and functional studies, coupled with clinical transcriptomic and histopathological investigations, identified connexins (Cxs) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as master molecules orchestrating breast cancer colonization of the brain. Cx31 promoted homotypic tumor cell adhesion, heterotypic tumor-astrocyte interaction, and FAK phosphorylation. FAK signaling prompted NF-κB activation inducing Lamc2 expression and laminin 332 (laminin 5) deposition,α6 integrin–mediated adhesion, and sustained survival and growth within brain parenchyma. In the MDA231-BrM2 model, the human homologous molecules CX43, LAMA4, and α3 integrin were involved. Systemic treatment with FAK inhibitors reduced brain metastasis progression. In conclusion, we report a spontaneous model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain and identified Cx-mediated FAK–NF-κB signaling as a mechanism promoting cell-autonomous and microenvironmentally controlled cell survival for brain colonization. Considering the limited therapeutic options for brain metastatic disease in cancer patients, we propose FAK as a therapeutic candidate to further pursue in the clinic.

原文链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8933

2.GK激动剂时间疗法可显著改善肥胖Zucker大鼠的机体代谢

改善代谢,GKA激动剂有妙招!

中文摘要

昼夜节律在调节新陈代谢(包括每日进食/禁食周期)中起着重要作用。葡萄糖激酶(GCK)是机体葡萄糖稳态的核心,其表达具有昼夜节律。GCK激动剂(GKAs)可以有效降低高血糖,但其使用也会导致低血糖、高血脂和肝脏脂肪变性。鉴于GCK的昼夜节律性和进食后被激活,研究人员假设GKA治疗只在进食内特定的时间段有益。使用GKA AZD1656短期治疗肥胖Zucker大鼠,可显著激活葡萄糖相关的所有主要代谢途径,促进葡萄糖的利用。连续4AZD1656治疗可有效改善肥胖Zucker大鼠的血糖;然而,大鼠肝脏出现脂肪变性和炎症。相比之下,改变AZD1656给药时间,在进食期内对大鼠进行治疗,可以在改善血糖的同时显著减少肝脏脂肪变性和炎症;而在禁食期内对大鼠进行治疗,则导致了肝脏脂肪变性和炎症这些有害的代谢效应。从机制上讲,在进食时,AZD1656治疗可以使新合成的脂质转向直接分泌VLDL而不是肝内储存。在葡萄糖负荷刺激后,与肝脏胰岛素信号的增加效果一致,进食期内AZD1656治疗导致AKTmTORSREBP-1C的强烈激活,而这些通路可以调节VLDL分泌和肝脏脂肪新生。综上所述,在进食期对大鼠进行AZD1656治疗可以促进肝脏最需要时的葡萄糖代谢,恢复了肝脏代谢灵活性和肝脏胰岛素敏感性,从而避免了肝脏脂肪变性。因此,时间治疗方法可能有利于GKAs和其他作用于代谢靶点的药物开发。

拓展阅读

Zucker肥胖大鼠

2型糖尿病已成为严重危害人类健康的公共卫生问题之一。2型糖尿病及其并发症不仅会严重影响糖尿病患者的生活质量,同时也是致残、致死的重要原因。因此,建立合适的2型糖尿病动物模型,阐明2型糖尿病及其并发症的发病机制就显得尤为重要。Zucker肥胖大鼠是常用的自发2型糖尿病模型动物。Zucker肥胖大鼠由于瘦素受体突变导致多食、肥胖,与此同时还伴有高胰岛素血症、高血脂症和中度高血压。Zucker肥胖大鼠一般于6周龄时,胰岛表现出结构紊乱和纤维化、胰岛β细胞脱颗粒现象(在2型糖尿病发生发展进程中,β细胞内新生的胰岛素分泌颗粒会通过自噬等方式被溶酶体降解,这种现象被称为脱颗粒现象。)同时胰岛β细胞数量远低于相同周龄的正常大鼠。810周出现2型糖尿病,具有糖尿病的典型症状,如多饮、多尿和体重增加缓慢。Zucker肥胖大鼠的空腹血糖与正常大鼠无异,说明肥胖型Zucker大鼠非常类似于人类肥胖和II型糖尿病早期阶段,具有胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量试验异常现象,但空腹血糖处于正常水平。

参考文献:

[1]. Pandey S, et al. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):25-38.

Chronotherapy with a glucokinase activator profoundly improves metabolism in obese Zucker rats

一作:Tobias Kroon   PIJeremie Boucher

发表单位:Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM) Sweden.

Abstract

Circadian rhythms play a critical role in regulating metabolism, including daily cycles of feeding/fasting. Glucokinase (GCK) is central for whole-body glucose homeostasis and oscillates according to a circadian clock. GCK activators (GKAs) effectively reduce hyperglycemia, but their use is also associated with hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. Given the circadian rhythmicity and natural postprandial activation of GCK, we hypothesized that GKA treatment would benefit from being timed specifically during feeding periods. Acute treatment of obese Zucker rats with the GKA AZD1656 robustly increased flux into all major metabolic pathways of glucose disposal, enhancing glucose elimination. Four weeks of continuous AZD1656 treatment of obese Zucker rats improved glycemic control; however, hepatic steatosis and inflammation manifested. In contrast, timing AZD1656 to feeding periods robustly reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in addition to improving glycemia, whereas treatment timed to fasting periods caused overall detrimental metabolic effects. Mechanistically, timing AZD1656 to feeding periods diverted newly synthesized lipid toward direct VLDL secretion rather than intrahepatic storage. In line with increased hepatic insulin signaling, timing AZD1656 to feeding resulted in robust activation of AKT, mTOR, and SREBP-1C after glucose loading, pathways known to regulate VLDL secretion and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In conclusion, intermittent AZD1656 treatment timed to feeding periods promotes glucose disposal when needed the most, restores metabolic flexibility and hepatic insulin sensitivity, and thereby avoids hepatic steatosis. Thus, chronotherapeutic approaches may benefit the development of GKAs and other drugs acting on metabolic targets.

原文链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1316

3.NASH发展过程中阻断CD47-SIRPα轴可以促进肝脏巨噬细胞对坏死肝细胞的清除并减少肝脏纤维化

减少NASH肝纤维化有良方,阻断CD47-SIRPα轴来帮忙!

中文摘要

坏死性凋亡导致非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的肝细胞死亡,但坏死性肝细胞(necHCs)NASH中的命运和作用尚不清楚。本文研究人员发现,患有NASH的人类和小鼠肝脏中necHCs的积累与necHCs上“别吃我”信号配体CD47的上调有关,但与凋亡的肝细胞无关,并与肝巨噬细胞上CD47受体SIRPα的增加有关,这与巨噬细胞介导的necHCs清除受损一致。在体外实验中,经抗CD47或抗SIRPα处理后,原代肝巨噬细胞对necHC的清除能力增强。在诱导性肝细胞坏死的小鼠模型中证明,抗CD47抗体治疗增加了肝巨噬细胞对necHC的摄取,并抑制了肝星状细胞(HSC)标志物的激活(HSC的激活是导致肝纤维化的原因)。用抗CD47、抗SIRPαAAV8-H1-shCD47抗体治疗两种饮食诱导的NASH小鼠模型以沉默肝细胞中的CD47,增加了肝巨噬细胞对necHC的摄取,并减少了HSC标志物激活和肝纤维化。并且抗SIRPα抗体治疗避免了使用抗CD47抗体治疗小鼠时发生的贫血副作用。以上这些发现证明了CD47-SIRPα上调导致的肝脏巨噬细胞对necHCs的清除受损促进了NASH中的肝纤维化,并提示了治疗性阻断CD47-SIRPα轴作为减少NASH肝脏中necHCs积累和抑制肝纤维化进展策略。

拓展阅读

CD47SIRPα

CD47是一种在正常细胞表面广泛存在的跨膜蛋白,分子量大约为50kDa,属于免疫球蛋白超家族。它是由整合素、G蛋白和胆固醇组成的超分子复合物,其分子结构包括N末端的细胞外可变区域,一个非常短的C末端的细胞内信号序列和5个疏水的跨膜螺旋结构。CD47SIRPα结合后可以抑制巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用,因此通常在肿瘤细胞表面过表达,成为了肿瘤细胞进行免疫逃逸的“帮凶”。已知的CD47的天然配体有三种:整合素、血小板凝集素-1SIRPαCD47参与的生物学作用包括:细胞的粘附、细胞的迁移、调节炎症反应和巨噬细胞吞噬作用的抑制。 

信号调节蛋白(Signal regulatory proteins,SIRP)属于SIRP受体家族的蛋白,其家族包括SIRPαSIRPβ1SIRPγSIRPβ2SIRPδ 五个成员。SIRPα在人体内主要表达于髓系细胞表面(单核细胞、巨噬细胞、粒细胞以及髓系DC细胞等),也在神经系统的神经元细胞中表达。CD47SIRPα最主要的配体,其它的配体包括:表面活性蛋白ADSp-ASp-D)。目前SIRPα被研究最多的功能是其对巨噬细胞吞噬的抑制。 

CD47-SIRPα在巨噬细胞中可以发挥其免疫检测点作用,在理论上该靶点可以作为肿瘤治疗的通路。首先,阻断该通路后,可以打破巨噬细胞的免疫抑制,诱导巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用。第二,除巨噬细胞外CD47-SIRPα也会抑制DC细胞的功能,阻断该通路后可以促进DC细胞对肿瘤细胞的摄取,有利于肿瘤抗原的递呈;第三,抗CD47的抗体的Fc部分可以触发体内的NK细胞通过抗体依赖细胞毒性和体依赖细胞毒性作用对肿瘤细胞进行杀伤;第四,抗CD47的抗体可以诱导肿瘤细胞的Caspase非依赖性细胞凋亡。在本文中,科研人员发现阻断肝脏巨噬细胞中的CD47-SIRPα轴会增加巨噬细胞对NASH中坏死性凋亡肝细胞的清除,抑制星状细胞的激活,从而减缓纤维化的进展。坏死性凋亡(Necroptosis)是一种新型细胞死亡方式,又叫程序性坏死,是一种由RIP1RIP3激酶介导的细胞死亡方式,被认为在某些退行性或炎性疾病期间在杀死病原体感染的细胞和受损细胞中起作用。坏死性凋亡细胞的特征包括:细胞质膜完整性丢失,细胞内容物泄漏和细胞器肿胀。通过这种方式死亡的细胞缺乏典型的如染色质固缩和核小体内DNA裂解等凋亡特征。在NASH肝脏的坏死性凋亡肝细胞(necHCs)中,肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族受体与其配体(例如TNFαFasL)的相互作用促进RIP1RIP13复合物的形成,磷酸化MLKL,引起其构象变化和活化,促进MLKL寡聚并与质膜结合,导致膜渗透增加、钙离子外排,最终引起细胞死亡。necHCsCD47表达上调,促进肝星状细胞(HSC)的激活,并通过与巨噬细胞SIRPα相互作用来阻止necHCs被吞噬清除。

参考文献:

[1].Jun Chen,et al.Trends Immunol. 2018 Mar;39(3):173-184. [2].A Neil Barclay ,et al.Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:25-50.

CD47-SIRPα axis blockade in NASH promotes necroptotic hepatocyte clearance by liver macrophages and decreases hepatic fibrosis

一作:Hongxue Shi PIIra Tabas

发表单位:Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York

Abstract

Necroptosis contributes to hepatocyte death in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the fate and roles of necroptotic hepatocytes (necHCs) in NASH remain unknown. We show here that the accumulation of necHCs in human and mouse NASH liver is associated with an up-regulation of the “don’t-eat-me” ligand CD47 on necHCs, but not on apoptotic hepatocytes, and an increase in the CD47 receptor SIRPα on liver macrophages, consistent with impaired macrophage-mediated clearance of necHCs. In vitro, necHC clearance by primary liver macrophages was enhanced by treatment with either anti-CD47 or anti-SIRPα. In a proof-of-concept mouse model of inducible hepatocyte necroptosis, anti-CD47 antibody treatment increased necHC uptake by liver macrophages and inhibited markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, which is responsible for liver fibrogenesis. Treatment of two mouse models of diet-induced NASH with anti-CD47, anti-SIRPα, or AAV8-H1-shCD47 to silence CD47 in hepatocytes increased the uptake of necHC by liver macrophages and decreased markers of HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Anti-SIRPα treatment avoided the adverse effect of anemia found in anti-CD47–treated mice. These findings provide evidence that impaired clearance of necHCs by liver macrophages due to CD47-SIRPα up-regulation contributes to fibrotic NASH, and suggest therapeutic blockade of the CD47-SIRPα axis as a strategy to decrease the accumulation of necHCs in NASH liver and dampen the progression of hepatic fibrosis.

原文链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8309